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The English-language exonyms Ruthenian, (Cyrillic transliteration: Rusyn) ((ドイツ語:Ruthene), (ロシア語:Русины), ''Rusiny''; (ウクライナ語:Русини/Руські), ''Rusyny''/''Rus'ki''; (ベラルーシ語:Русіны), ''Rusin'': Русины, ''Rusiny'') have been applied to various East Slavic peoples. The names ''Ruthenian'' and ''Ruthene'' were historically applied to peoples speaking the eastern Slavic languages in Rus' (Русь), especially in the medieval kingdom of Kievan Rus', in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in Poland after Union of Lublin in 1569. In its narrower senses, the exonym ''Ruthenian'' can identify ethnic Rusyns and/or inhabitants of a cross-border region around the northern Carpathian Mountains, including western Ukraine (especially Zakarpattia Oblast; part of historic Carpathian Ruthenia), eastern Slovakia and southern Poland. This area coincides, to a large degree, with a region sometimes known in English as Galicia (Ukrainian: Галичина, ''Halychyna''; Polish: ''Galicja'' and; Slovak: ''Halič''). The name ''Ruthenian'' is also used by the Pannonian Rusyn minority in Serbia and Croatia, as well as by Rusin émigrés outside Europe (especially members of the Ruthenian Catholic Church). In contrast, the Rusyns of Romania are more likely to identify as "Ukrainian". During the early modern era, the term primarily referred to members of East Slavic minorities in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, namely Ukrainians and Rusyns, who today live in Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Hungary and the Czech lands. ==Background== With the emergence of Ukrainian nationalism during the mid-19th century the term ''Ruthenian'' as an endonym declined among Ukrainians, and it fell out of use in eastern and central Ukraine. Most people in the western region of Ukraine followed suit later in the 19th century. After the expansion of Soviet Ukraine after World War II, groups who previously had not considered themselves Ukrainians were merged in to the Ukrainian identity. In the Interbellum period of the 20th century, the term ''Ruthenian'' was also applied to people from the ''Kresy Wschodnie'' (the eastern borderlands) in the Second Polish Republic, and included Ukrainians, Rusins, and Lemkos, or alternatively, members of the Uniate or Greek Catholic Church churches. In Galicia, the Polish government actively replaced all references to "Ukrainians" with the old word "Ruthenians", an action that caused many Ukrainians to view their original self-designation with distaste. The Polish census of 1921 counted speakers of Belarusian, and Russian separately, but combined Ukrainians and Ruthenians as one category.〔(Polish) Główny Urząd Statystyczny (corporate author) (1932) "Ludnosc, Ludnosc wedlug wyznania religijnego i narodowosci" (table 11, pg. 56〕 However the Polish census of 1931 counted Belarusian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Ruthenian as separate language categories, and the census results were substantially different from before.〔(Polish) Główny Urząd Statystyczny (corporate author) (1932) "Ludnosc. Ludnosc wedlug wyznania i plci oraz jezyka ojczystego" (table 10, pg. 15).〕 According to Rusyn-American historian Paul Robert Magocsi, the Polish government's policy in the 1930s pursued a strategy of tribalization, regarding various ethnographic groups, i.e., Lemkos, Boikos, and Hutsuls, as well Old Ruthenians and Russophiles, as being different from other Ukrainians (although no such category existed in the Polish census apart from the first-language speakers of Russian.〔), and offered instructions in Lemko vernacular in state schools set up in the westernmost Lemko Region. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ruthenians」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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